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Post by Bonobo on Feb 18, 2018 21:34:02 GMT 1
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Post by pjotr on Feb 19, 2018 0:16:36 GMT 1
It is beautiful Bonobo. I hope that many non-Jewish Poles see the contributions to Poland from Polish Jewish compatriots to the Polish history, culture, science, politics, health care, architecture and fine art. I love the first image and the statue for the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising! The Red tram also reminds me of the Warsaw Ghetto.  |
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Post by Bonobo on Feb 19, 2018 1:58:16 GMT 1
I love the first image and the statue for the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising! There are a few more. The Bridge of Memory There were a few wooden bridges which joined the Ghetto areas divided by Aryan streets. www.jhi.pl/en/blog/2015-01-24-the-bridge-over-chlodnawww.johannestipp.com/galleries/Warsaw-Ghetto-Photo-Galleries/Warsaw-Photos-Ghetto-Bridge/
The installation Footbridge of Memory (Kładka Pamięci) designed by Tomasz de Tush-Lec echoes the footbridge over ul. Chłodna, which connected the small and the large part of the Warsaw Ghetto (Getto Warszawskie). It consists of two pairs of metal poles with stereoscopes showing photographs from that time. From the top of these poles optical fibres are running over the street indicating the Ghetto Bridge.
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Post by pjotr on Feb 25, 2018 15:24:37 GMT 1
I love the installation Footbridge of Memory (Kładka Pamięci) designed by Tomasz de Tush-Lec. Tomasz understands the symbolism, historical value and meaning of that place and the fact that you have to make an interpretation to modernity. It is a moving modern monument, which in the same time has the value of a Modern contemporary art installation and sculpture and a historical momument for the Warsaw Ghetto and it's extremely tragic story, which was removed from the face of the earth by * the German and Austrian Nazi's who under the leadership of Befehlshaber der SS-, Polizei- und Wehrmachteinheiten für die Niederschlagung des Aufstandes im Warschauer Ghetto, Jürgen Stroop, systematically burned and blew up the ghetto buildings, block by block, rounding up or murdering anybody they could capture. Few people today with limited historical knowledge don't know that inbetween 450,000 and 350,000 human beings, mostly Polish jews (but also German jews) were imprisoned in that closed area in Warsaw, starved to death in the Ghetto or transported to Treblinka. The neighborhood Muranów Muranów after the war in the communist Peoples republic eraMuranów is a neighborhood consisting mainly of housing estates in the districts of Śródmieście and Wola in Warsaw. It was founded in the 17th century. The name is derived from the palace belonging to Józef Bellotti, a Venetian architect. The name of the estate comes from the island of Murano.  An image of a cinema in Muranów todayIn the Interwar period, the district was inhabited mostly by Jews. Because of this, the Warsaw Ghetto was set up there in 1940 by the occupying Germans. After the uprising in 1943 commanded by Mordechaj Anielewicz, the district was completely destroyed. Only the sparse few buildings survived the war. The district was rebuilt after the war.  An image of Muranów in the Warsaw of the near future. A plan of an architect bureau. Jürgen Stroop with his men at Nowolipie street looking East, near intersection with Smocza street. On the left burning balcony of the townhouse Nowolipie 62, next to it Ghetto Wall. The men on the image are from left to right Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Rottenführer in the Warsaw Ghetto Josef Blösche (with Stahlhelm, helmet), second from the left Karl Heinrich Klaustermeyer, who was a member Sicherheitspolizei (kurz Sipo oder SiPo) in the the Warsaw Ghetto, Erich Steidtmann, SS officer and commander of a police unit, the Third Battalion of Police Regiment 22. Steidtmann guarded trains used for the deportation of Polish Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp. His unit remained in the ghetto through 1943, where it would have been involved in the liquidation of the Ghetto under Gen. Jürgen Stroop in which 55,000 people were killed or sent to the death camps.Sometimes we have places in Europe, which look clean, modern, contemporary, but beneath the surface lies another story. It contains the layers of tragic history in a city. Young people, foreign visitors and even adults who were born after the war in Warsaw and have no clear historical knowledge probably walk in a Modern, communist architecture part of Warsaw, built in the late forties, fifties, sixties and maybe early seventies. They don't know that Muranów was a Jewish neighborhood before the war and that during the war the Warsaw Ghetto was there inbetween October 1940 to May 1943. Thank god you have the museum of Polish Jewish history, POLIN Museum in Warsaw today (Polish: Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich). * Who were these executioners of the Warsaw Ghetto?The executioners of the Warsaw Ghetto were German and Austrian Waffen-SS, the Reichssicherheitshauptamt ( RSHA, the Nazi bureaucratic organisation of the Holocaust/Shoa), Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei; Secret state police), Ordnungspolizei (the uniformed police force in Nazi Germany between 1936 and 1945), the Einsatzgruppen (Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany ), the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD), Sicherheitspolizei ( SIPO), the Trawniki men (German: Trawnikimänner; Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Tatars, Georgians, Armenians and Azerbaijanis), the SS-Totenkopfverbände (the SS organization responsible for administering the Nazi concentration camps for the Third Reich. Who were active in Pawiak prison, concentrationcamp Warsaw) and probably other Nazi forces like Hitlerjugend, SA ( Sturmabteilung military units), German and Austrian Gauleiter of Warsaw districts and Wehrmacht units which were under the command of Jürgen Stroop. |
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Post by pjotr on Feb 25, 2018 16:24:25 GMT 1
What was destroyed in the Warsaw Ghetto was part of Warsaws soul, heart, culture, humanity and mind. Later another part of that Warsaws soul, heart, culture, humanity and mind was destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising from 1 August until 2 October 1944. And ofcourse also part of that Warsaw soul and heart was destroyed during the September 1939 attack on Warsaw with nazi plane bombardments, artillery shelling and during the łapanka's (Roundups) inbetween 1939 and 1945. Ofcourse outside Warsaw Roman-Catholic and Jewish Poles of other cities, towns, villages and hamlets suffered tremendously too. I think of the German and Austrian Nazi occupiers policies of ethnic cleansing of area's inhabited by ethnic Poles which were replaced by ethnic Germans from the Baltic states and elsewhere. Jews had zero chances on survival in Nazi occupied parts of Europe, but in the same time faced danger in Sovjet territory due to Stalinist policies towards minorities like Poles, Jews, Tartars, Chechens and Baltic Peoples. Many jewish and Roman-Catholic Poles were murdered in Katyn, camps in Siberia, and in the Lubyanka prison in the NKVD Lubyanka building in Moscow. The intellectual, cultural and scientific heart of Warsaw was destroyed and it took many years to restore that heart. Maybe 70 years, and maybe it re-emerged by the building of Free and Democratic Warsaw after 1989. But the spirit of the spirit of that Warsaws soul, heart, culture, humanity and mind was already present in the heart, minds and spirits of the dissident intelligentsia during the Polish Peoples republic, in the Samizdat press, in KOR ( Komitet Obrony Robotników) and in the Independent Self-governing Labour Union "Solidarity", Solidarność, first started in the Gdańsk Shipyard, later spreading over Poland. The cultural life in the Warsaw Ghetto Famous and cherished before the war, they sang, wrote, composed and painted. They spoke Yiddish and Polish. When they found themselves imprisoned in the Warsaw ghetto, they never stopped being artists. Władysław Szpilman, the pianist at Cafe Sztuka, accompanied Wiera Gran (with whom he became estranged following accusations of Gran’s collaboration with the German forces), Władysław Szlengel, author of touching poetry, Gela Seksztajn the painter of watercolour portraits. Most of them left the ghetto for a journey of no return.The cultural life in the Warsaw Ghetto (October 1940 to May 1943) consisted of a dynamic press in three languages (Yiddish, Polish and Hebrew), religious activities (Torah, Talmud and bible teaching, reading and Synagogue services), lectures, concerts, theater and exhibtions. In a lot of the cultural activities the artists were prominent figures in the Polish cultural world during and before the war. People like poet, journalist, stage actor Władysław Szlengel, singer Wiera Gran, poet Herszl Danielewicz, painter Gela Seksztajn, poet Henryka Łazowertówna, poet and theatrical playwright Itzhak Katzenelson, violinist and a composer Artur Gold, Polish historian, politician and social worker Emanuel Ringelblum (November 21, 1900 – March 7, 1944), painist and composer Władysław Szpilman, actress, singer and pianist Diana Blumenfeld, the jong soprano Miriam (Marysia) Eisenstadt, she was called the “nightingale of the ghetto”. And next to that you had Gerszon Sirota, referred to as the "king of cantors" or the Jewish Caruso. A worldwide phenomenon, he was famed among Jewish communities also outside of Poland. Ofcourse you can mention many other artists (painters, sculpturists, photographers, graphical artists, cinematographers, poets, writers, theatre and movie people, skilled musicians), scientists, journalists, entrepreneurs, doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, dentists, teachers, professors, philosophers, sociologists, politicians, journalists, lawjers, autorney's, rabbi's, police officers, officiers of the Polish army, craftsmen, workers, shop owners and others who were killed in the Warsaw Ghetto. Fellow Varsovians and fellow Poles, German jews and probably other jews too? This must have been difficult for the German jews, because they were a minority amongst the Polish jews, maybe seen as strangers (many of the neither spoke Yiddish nor Polish, and few spoke Hebrew) and their German was of little use towards the non-jewish German and Austrian nazi's who saw them as 'Jews' and not as fellow Germans or Austrians. These people must have been isolated.And last but not least the great pedagogue, educator and doctor Janusz Korczak, the pen name of Henryk Goldszmit (22 July 1878 or 1879 – 7 August 1942). Korczak was a Polish-Jewish educator, children's author, and pedagogue known as Pan Doktor (" Mr. Doctor") or Stary Doktor (" Old Doctor"). After spending many years working as director of an orphanage in Warsaw, he refused sanctuary repeatedly and stayed with his orphans when the entire population of the institution was sent from the Ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp, during the Grossaktion Warsaw of 1942.  Janusz Korczak with his orphansI love his republic for children with its own small parliament, court, and a newspaper which Korczak created in the orphanage of his own design for Jewish children.  Janusz Korczak with his orphansThe orphanages run by Janusz Korczak and Stefania Wilczyńska were among the earliest Democratic education institutes in the world.[1] They were two orphanages, located in Warsaw. One orphanage was established for Jewish children in 1911 and stopped working on 1942, when the SS took all its residents and workers to Treblinka extermination camp. The other orphanage, for Christian children, was established in 1918, after World War I, and was nationalized by the German occupier in 1940. Most of the information about the educational method of those institutes was gathered in the Jewish orphanage. Stefania Wilczyńska Stefania Wilczyńska with Janusz KorczakStefania "Stefa" Wilczyńska (May 26, 1886 – August 6, 1942) was a Polish educator who died in The Holocaust. She was born into a wealthy Jewish family in Warsaw, trained as a teacher and was educated at the University of Liège in Belgium and the University of Geneva in Switzerland. She returned to Warsaw and worked at a Jewish orphanage, later becoming director. She met Dr. Janusz Korczak in 1909 and went to work at his Jewish orphanage. Besides looking after the day-to-day operation of the orphanage, she also organized fundraising activities in support of the orphanage. During World War I, Korczak was called up for military service and Wilczyńska had to manage the orphanage by herself.  Stefania Wilczyńska with one of the orphans of the the orphanage in WarsawWilczyńska visited Palestine in 1934 and 1937. Arrangements were made for her to leave Poland after the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, but she declined and moved with the orphanage to the Warsaw Ghetto. In August 1942, as part of the Kinder Aktion, residents of Jewish orphanages were deported to the gas chambers at Treblinka. Korczak, Wilczyńska and the staff of the orphanage were given the option of avoiding the deportation, but chose to remain with the orphans. A plaque dedicated to the memory of Wilczyńska has been placed at the original site of the orphanage.  Stefania Wilczyńska commemorative plaque at 6 Jaktorowska Street in Warsaw |
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Post by pjotr on Feb 25, 2018 17:50:36 GMT 1
There is probably no monument for the Polish jews who survived the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 and who continued to fight in the Polish Home Army during the Warsaw uprising (1 August – 2 October 1944 - 63 days). The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 took place over a year before the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The Ghetto had been totally destroyed by the time of the general uprising in the city, which was part of the Operation Tempest, a nationwide insurrection plan. During the Warsaw Uprising, the Polish Home Army's Battalion Zośka was able to rescue 380 Jewish prisoners (mostly foreign) held in the concentration camp " Gęsiówka" set up by the Germans in an area adjacent to the ruins of former Ghetto. These prisoners had been brought from Auschwitz and forced to clear the remains of the ghetto. A few small groups of Ghetto residents also managed to survive in the undetected " bunkers" and to eventually reach the " Aryan side". In all, several hundred survivors from the first uprising took part in the later uprising (mostly in non-combat roles such as logistics and maintenance, due to their physical state and general shortage of arms), joining the ranks of the Polish Home Army and the Armia Ludowa. According to Samuel Krakowski from the Jewish Historical Institute, " The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising had a real influence ... in encouraging the activity of the Polish underground." A number of survivors of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, known as the " Ghetto Fighters," went on to found the kibbutz Lohamei HaGeta'ot (literally: " Ghetto Fighters'"), which is located north of Acre, Israel. The founding members of the kibbutz include Yitzhak Zuckerman (Icchak Cukierman), who represented the ŻOB on the ' Aryan' side, and his wife Zivia Lubetkin, who commanded a fighting unit. In 1984, members of the kibbutz published Daphei Edut (" Testimonies of Survival"), four volumes of personal testimonies from 96 kibbutz members. The settlement features a museum and archives dedicated to remembering the Holocaust. Yad Mordechai, a kibbutz just north of the Gaza Strip, was named after Mordechaj Anielewicz. In 2008, Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff Gabi Ashkenazi led a group of IDF officials to the site of the uprising and spoke about the event's " importance for IDF combat soldiers."  Monument to the Ghetto Heroes by Nathan RapoportIn 1968, the 25th anniversary of the Warsaw ghetto uprising, Zuckerman was asked what military lessons could be learned from the uprising. He replied: I don't think there's any real need to analyze the Uprising in military terms. This was a war of less than a thousand people against a mighty army and no one doubted how it was likely to turn out. This isn't a subject for study in military school. (...) If there's a school to study the human spirit, there it should be a major subject. The important things were inherent in the force shown by Jewish youth after years of degradation, to rise up against their destroyers, and determine what death they would choose: Treblinka or Uprising.On 7 December 1970, West German Chancellor Willy Brandt spontaneously knelt while visiting the Monument to the Ghetto Heroes memorial in the People's Republic of Poland. At the time, the action surprised many and was the focus of controversy, but it has since been credited with helping improve relations between the NATO and Warsaw Pact countries. Willy Brandt by the way was a good German and anti-Nazi who never participated in the Nazi war, because he disguised himself as Norwegian and escaped Norway during the German occupation and went to Sweden.  Kniefall von Warschau (German for “Warsaw Genuflection”) refers to a gesture of humility and penance by German Chancellor Willy Brandt towards the victims of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.Read the story of Willy Brandt:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandtpl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_BrandtWarsaw 1944 Polish civilians murdered by German SS troops in the Wola district during the Warsaw Uprising Warsaw August 1944In August, september and October 1944 Warsaw civilians of Roman-Catholic, Jewish and Protestant descent would face the brutality of the German-, Austrian-, Ukrainian-, Russian-, Belarussian-, Lithuanian-, Latvian-, Estonian-, Azerbaijani- and other Waffen SS units. So after the brutality of september 1939, the Łapanka's throughout the war, the Gestapo, Abwehr, SD and SIPO activities in Warsaw and the Warsaw Ghetto destruction in May 1943 after the Ghetto Uprising and the destruction of Warsaw during the Warsaw rising (1944) you had the Wehrmacht/Waffen-SS units which burned down Warsaw as they had earlier done with the Warsaw Ghetto. By going from house to house with flame throwers or blowing up buildings with explosives. The Sovjet Red army entered the ruins of Warsaw in Januari 1945 and 'liberated' the city. Warsaw was a desert, a large part of the population was transported to concentration camps or forced labour camps in Germany, Austria and Poland. Many of these people died in 1944 and 1945 due to exhaustion, maltreatment, allied bombardments of German war factories where they worked or due to executions by the Waffen-SS or diseases like Tuberculosis, Cholera or other diseases. The images and movies and the famous black and white film shown in the old town of Warsaw is the greatest monument for Warsaw Jews and Warsaw Roman-Catholic Poles I can imagine. During the Warsaw uprising, the remaining Warsaw jews and Roman-Catholics faced the terror of The SS commanders SS-Obergruppenführer (General der Waffen-SS, and General der Polizei) Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS Heinz Reinefarth and Generalleutnant der Luftwaffe Rainer Stahel, Stadtkommandanten von Warschau in Poland, before he was replaced by Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski.  Rainer Stahel, Generalleutnant der Luftwaffe and Stadtkommandanten von Warschau (july-august 1944) Capitulation of Warsaw Uprising. CiC of Polish Armia Krajowa Gen. Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski (left) after a meeting with SS-Obergrupenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski (right). Ożarów Mazowiecki (Bach's HQ) - 4th October 1944. German SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth meeting with his men during the Warsaw Uprising, Poland, 1944 Heinz Reinefarth (centre standing) ordered the massacre in Wola. Later achieved high office in Germany and never charged for his crimes.Despite his relatively limited role in suppressing the Warsaw uprising of 1944 Stahel was responsible for a series of crimes committed against the civilian population of Warsaw. On August 2 he ordered the killing of all men identified as actual or potential insurgents, and the taking of hostages from among the civilian population to be used as human shields when assaulting insurgent positions. The testimonies of the soldiers of 4. East Prussian Grenadier Regiment who arrived in Warsaw on August 3 show that Stahel gave them the order to " kill all men encountered, remove women and children, and burn houses." Moreover, Stahel ordered the execution of Polish prisoners held in prison on Rakowiecka street in Mokotów district and officially sanctioned looting perpetrated by German soldiers, allowing them to take anything they wanted from houses on fire. Poles who believe that the Nazi's only targeted the jews and that the Poles were fellow aryans, should study history. In many concentration camps, vernichtungslager (destruction camps, systematic killing camps), Polish prisoners lived next to Jewish victims. Poles were executed, tortured, ethnically cleansed, in prisons and in concentrationcamps. guyshachar.com/en/2014/warsaw-muranow-architecture-project-phase-three-intervention/P.S.- Sometimes I think human beings were killed during the Second World War who were Polish citizens. It is a problem when a competitions occurs between Jewish and Roman-Catholic victims. 6 million Poles were murdered. 3 million due to the racist, xenophobic, ethnic cleansing and anti-semitic genocide of the German-, Austrian-, Ukrainian-, Belarussian-, Russian-, Baltic-, Dutch-, Flemish, Wallon-, French-, Croatian-, Hungarian-, Romanian-, Slowak and other Nazi's, Fascists, Ultra-Nationalists and other collaborators of Adolf Hilter, Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Eichmann, Reinhard Heydrich, Hermann Göring and Joseph Goebbels. The Poles as Western slavs however were also victim of racist mass murder, ethnic cleansing, slave labour and genocide in concentration camps. |
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Post by Bonobo on Mar 3, 2018 20:15:19 GMT 1
Anielewicz Mound en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%82a_18
Ulica Miła 18 (or 18 Pleasant Street in English) was the headquarters "bunker" (actually a hidden shelter) of the Jewish Combat Organization (ŻOB), a Jewish resistance group in the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland during World War II.
Remembrance
The bodies of Jewish fighters were not exhumed after 1945 and the place gained a status of war memorial. In 1946, the monument known as "Anielewicz Mound", made of the rubble of Miła houses, was erected. A commemorative stone with the inscription in Polish and Yiddish was placed on top of the mound.
Commemorative stone on top of the mound, visible stones put by Jewish visitors
In 2006, a new obelisk designed by Hanna Szmalenberg and Marek Moderau was added to the memorial. The inscription in Polish, English and Yiddish reads: "Grave of the fighters of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising built from the rubble of Miła Street, one of the liveliest streets of pre-war Jewish Warsaw. These ruins of the bunker at 18 Miła Street are the place of rest of the commanders and fighters of the Jewish Combat Organization, as well as some civilians. Among them lies Mordechaj Anielewicz, the Commander in Chief. On May 8, 1943, surrounded by the Nazis after three weeks of struggle, many perished or took their own lives, refusing to perish at the hands of their enemies. There were several hundred bunkers built in the Ghetto. Found and destroyed by the Nazis, they became graves. They could not save those who sought refuge inside them, yet they remain everlasting symbols of the Warsaw Jews’ will to live. The bunker at Miła Street was the largest in the ghetto. It is the place of rest of over one hundred fighters, only some of whom are known by name. Here they rest, buried as they fell, to remind us that the whole earth is their grave." The names of 51 Jewish fighters whose identities have been established by historians are engraved on the front of the obelisk.
Although it is often claimed that Miła 18 was the last shelter in the Ghetto to fall, this was not the case (according to Jürgen Stroop, his men took 30 "bunkers" on 12 May alone). It should be also noted that the current street numbering in Mila Street does not correspond to the wartime numbering: the memorial is nowadays at the intersection of Miła and Dubois streets while the current Miła 18 is an apartment block around 700 metres to the west.     |
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Post by Bonobo on Mar 24, 2018 21:34:18 GMT 1
The Warsaw Ghetto boundary markers are memorial plaques and boundary lines that mark the maximum perimeter of the former ghetto established by the Germans in 1940 in occupied Warsaw, Poland.
The markers were erected in 2008 and 2010 on 22 sites along the borders of the Jewish quarter, where from 1940-1943 stood the gates to the ghetto, wooden footbridges over Aryan streets, and the buildings important to the ghetto inmates.
Contents
1 Description and unveiling
2 Locations of the markers
3 References
4 Bibliography
Description and unveiling
In order to preserve the memory of the perished Jewish quarter, the Jewish Historical Institute and the City Monument Protection office took the initiative to feature in the public space of the Polish capital its most characteristic points on its former boundaries. The markers were designed by Eleonora Bergman and Tomasz Lec in cooperation with Ewa Pustoła-Kozłowska and Jan Jagielski.[1] Each marker consists of three elements:
a bronze plaque 60 cm by 70 cm (24 inches by 28 inches) with the map representing the ghetto’s farthest borders and the pre-war street network featured on the map of Warsaw, and a pin indicating the exact location of the marked place;
a plaque made of acrylic glass 36 cm by 50 cm (12 inches by 20 inches) with information in Polish and English about the place, its role in the history of the ghetto and one or two historical photos, proceeded by a brief history of the Warsaw Ghetto:
By order of the German occupation authorities, the ghetto was cut off from the rest of the city on November 16, 1940. The ghetto area, surrounded by a wall, was initially 307 hectares (759 acres); with time, it was reduced. Starting in January 1942, it was divided in two parts called the small and large ghettos. Approximately 360,000 Warsaw Jews and 90,000 from other towns were herded into the ghetto. Nearly 100,000 died of hunger. During the summer of 1942, the Germans deported and murdered close to 300,000 people in the gas chambers of Treblinka. On April 19, 1943, an uprising broke out in the ghetto. Until mid-May, fighters and civilians perished in combat or in the systematically burned ghetto buildings. The remaining population was murdered by Germans in November 1943 in the Majdanek, Poniatowa and Trawniki concentration camps. Only a few survived.
To the memory of those who suffered, fought and perished.
The City of Warsaw, 2008.
cement strips 25 cm (10 inches) wide with the cast iron bilingual sign MUR GETTA 1940/GHETTO WALL 1943 placed in sidewalks and lawns showing the exact location of the ghetto walls.
The dates 1940-1943 have symbolic meaning as the years when the Warsaw Ghetto existed. Therefore, they should not be treated literally because most of the commemorated places were excluded in 1941-1942, one site was included into the ghetto in 1941, and two – in 1942.
Most plaques were placed on the 2.3 m (7.6 ft) tall cement posts that were specially designed on sett pavement; the rest were placed directly on the walls of the buildings and structures.
The markers were built between April and November 2008 and were inaugurated on 19 November 2008 by the mayor of Warsaw Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz.[2] On 27 January 2010 on the International Holocaust Remembrance Day, the 22nd marker was unveiled on site of the preserved ghetto wall in Sienna Street.[3]
The project was financed by the City of Warsaw and the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage.[4]
Locations of the markers
Władysław Anders Street corner of Świętojerska Street – here, on the site of the former Nalewki Street stood one of the most important ghetto gates. Through this very gate at 5.30 am on 19 April 1943 the German, Latvian, and Ukrainian troops under the command of Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg entered the ghetto.[5] They were met with Jewish resistance, which sparked off the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
Bielańska Street corner of Corazziego Street - here the ghetto included the Great Synagogue in Tłomackie Street and Central Judaic Library. This area was excluded from the Jewish district on 20 March 1942.
Bonifraterska Street near Międzyparkowa Street – this point, at the former intersection of Bonifraterska and Żoliborska Streets, was the northeastern corner of the ghetto. Over the northern part of Przebieg Street there was a wooden footbridge – one of four such structures built in the Warsaw Ghetto.
Chłodna Street corner of Elektoralna Street – commemorates the City Court building on Leszno Street (currently “Solidarności” Avenue) that was not included into the ghetto and became a meeting place for people from both sides of the wall and a key point for Jews endeavoring to escape to the Aryan side of Warsaw.[6] In 1950, Biała Street, which led to the Court from the south, was rebuilt approximately 200 meters to the west.
Chłodna Street at the intersection with Żelazna Street – the marker commemorates exclusion from the ghetto in December 1941 the area west of Żelazna Street, as a result of which the Jewish district was divided into two parts called the large and the small ghettos. In order to ease heavy pedestrian traffic on Żelazna Street (the only street that connected the two ghettos) on 26 January 1942[7] a wooden footbridge was erected over Chłodna Street, becoming one of the symbols of Holocaust after the war.
41 Chłodna Street – here, from 16 November 1940 to December 1941, the western boundary of the ghetto ran along the eastern edges of the premises marked by Wronia Street; also one of the original 22 ghetto gates (in operation till November 1941) closed Chłodna Street from the west. In December 1941, this part of the Wola district was excluded from the Jewish quarter and its border was moved to the middle of Żelazna Street.
1 Parade Square (eastern wall of the northeast corner of the Palace of Culture and Science with the Studio Theater) – the southeast boundary of the ghetto ran along the premises here. On 5 October 1941 the ghetto border was moved to the middle of Sienna Street.
Drzewiecki Avenue near Iron-Gate Square – from this point westwards a narrow strip of land was excluded from the ghetto due to the role of Chłodna Street as an important east-west transport corridor. It included Mirowskie Market Halls, Mirowskie Barracks, and St. Charles Borromeo church up to Żelazna Street.
Drzewiecki Avenue near John Paul II Avenue (southern wall of “Hale Mirowskie” shopping precinct) – this was the northern boundary of the small ghetto that ran from here westwards along the existing walls that divided the premises.
Dzika Street near John Paul II Avenue – after the minor expansion of the ghetto in January 1942, this became the northwest corner of the Jewish quarter.
Dzika Street near the intersection with Stawki Street – here, opposite the Umschlagplatz, a ghetto gate was in operation from January 1942.
55 Freta Street (on Franciszkańska Street side) – this was the eastern edge of the northern part of the Jewish quarter. The New Town was excluded from the ghetto in December 1941.
Młynarska Street (on the wall of the Jewish Cemetery near its border with the Muslim Cemetery) - this brick wall along Młynarska Street and the Powązki Cemetery was the northwestern boundary of the Jewish district from 16 November 1940 to December 1941 (the date the Jewish Cemetery was excluded from the ghetto).
49/51 Okopowa Street (on the wall of the Jewish Cemetery on Anielewicza Street side) – the second marker commemorating Warsaw’s largest Jewish necropolis and the adjacent Skra sports field. The latter was the only large undeveloped plot in the ghetto. In time it became a burial site with both individual and mass graves, as well as a place of executions, victims of which are honored by the nearby Monument of Jews and Poles Common Martyrdom. Many of those killed during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 were also buried here.
53 Sienna Street (in the courtyard of Henryk Sienkiewicz High School) - a part of the southern boundary of the ghetto made from the existing wall between Sienna 53 and Sienna 55 estates. On 5 October 1941, the border of this part of the Jewish quarter was moved to the middle of Sienna Street.
“Solidarności” Avenue between the Warsaw Chamber Opera building (no 76b) and the Calvinist parish house (no 76a) – this so-called "evangelical enclave" included the Calvinist church, the parish house, Działyński Palace, the Evangelical Hospital and a few buildings in Mylna Street. It was surrounded on all sides by the ghetto and the only connection with the Aryan part of the city was through the estate at 5 Przejazd which had been demolished in September 1939. This location enabled the Calvinist clergy and parishioners to provide assistance to the Jews in the ghetto.[8]
Stawki Street near Okopowa Street – here the boundary of the Jewish quarter ran along the southern wall of Temler & Szwede tannery, which was not included in the ghetto.
Świętojerska Street corner of Nowiniarska Street – the only remaining fragment of the wall surrounding the northern part of the ghetto is preserved here.
Świętokrzyska Street in Bolesław Kontrym “Żmudzin” square – the eastern boundary of the southern part of the ghetto ran here along the existing walls that divided the premises. In March 1941, the ghetto border was moved to the west to Bagno Street.
Twarda Street near the intersection with Złota Street – this was the southwest corner of the ghetto. One of its original 22 gates stood here and operated from 16 November 1940 till 20 January 1941.
63 Żelazna Street on the wall of the former Duschik & Szolce metal works factory building (on Grzybowska Street side) – here stood one of the major gates to the small ghetto.
Żelazna Street near the intersection with ”Solidarności” Avenue (on the wall of the prewar building of public schools no 10, 17, 56 and 119,[9] currently the seat of the Wola District Office at 90 “Solidarności” Avenue”) – here was one of the main gates to the ghetto, opposite the building of the “Collegium” Society at 84 Leszno Street (non-existent now), which housed the Labor and Statistics Departments of the Jewish Council.[10] In September 1941 that building, being a Jewish island on the Aryan side, was connected to the ghetto by a wooden footbridge at the second floor level over Żelazna Street.     
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Post by Bonobo on May 31, 2018 17:27:22 GMT 1
Another emotion-provoking monument - here, through a sewer manhole, a few dozen last Jewish fighters evacuated from the burning Ghetto after the Rising 1943. Most died but 8 people survived the war. pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomnik_Ewakuacji_Bojownik%C3%B3w_Getta_Warszawskiego    I found the full description of the action only in Polish Wiki entry above.
The Germans proceeded to flush out the few remaining fighters by burning down the Ghetto - Edelman always insisted, "We were beaten by the flames, not the Germans."[8] At that juncture, couriers from the Polish underground outside the Ghetto came through the sewers that still linked it with the rest of Warsaw. On the morning of May 10, Edelman and his few remaining comrades escaped through the sewers and made their way to the non-Ghetto part of Warsaw to find safety among their Polish compatriots. At this point the Uprising was over and the fate of those fighters who had remained behind is unknown.[8]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Edelmanwww.jhi.pl/en/blog/2018-04-18-the-warsaw-ghetto-uprisingSeveral insurgents managed to flee safely. On 8 May, a group of JCO fighters was found by Symcha „Kazik” Rotem, who led them out of the burning ghetto through canals, with help from sewer workers. On 10 May, part of the group came out to the surface at 10 Prosta street. They were picked up by a prearranged truck. The rest was supposed to be picked up by the next car. Because help failed to appear, the fighters left the canal and hid in the ruins. When Germans were informed and arrived at Prosta street, all the Jews were killed in combat. There were plans of returning to the ghetto to rescue more insurgents, but the operation wasn’t eventually accomplished |
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Post by Bonobo on Jul 13, 2018 17:54:22 GMT 1
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