Post by pjotr on Oct 15, 2010 1:52:15 GMT 1
The Jewish press in Pre-Holocaust Europe
Jewish newspapers and periodicals have been published in the main three Jewish languages (Hebrew, Yiddish, and Ladino) and have also appeared in the primary languages of countries in which Jews have lived. The first Jewish newspaper, Gazeta de Amsterdam, was published in Ladino (the language of Sepharic jews) in Amsterdam (1674–1699). A short-lived Yiddish newspaper, Kurant, soon followed (1686–1687); however, other early efforts at news reporting in Yiddish did not succeed. In 1784, German supporters of the Haskalah movement created the Hebrew-language, largely literary Me’asef (Ingatherer).
The spread of Haskalah journals throughout the Austro-Hungarian empire in the early nineteenth century marked the beginning of the age of Jewish periodical literature in Eastern Europe. These publications were devoted to literature, criticism, and scholarship. Among the earliest were Bikure ha-‘itim (First Fruits of the Times; 1820–1831) and its successor, Kerem hemed (The Lovely Vineyard; 1833–1856). Although Bikure ha-‘itim was printed in Vienna, many maskilim contributed to it from Galicia and Bohemia. The editor of Kerem hemed, Shemu’el Leib Goldenberg (1807–1846) lived in Tarnopol, and from 1838 to 1843 the journal was printed in Prague.
On 3 December 1823, the first newspaper (as opposed to a scholarly journal) specifically directed toward Jewish readership appeared in Warsaw, though it was published for less than a year. Produced weekly and apparently aimed at the mercantile class, it was called Der Beobakhter an der Vayksel (Observer at the Vistula) in Yiddish and Dostrzegacz nadwiślański z Warszawy (Observer at the Vistula from Warsaw) in Polish; the languages were arranged in parallel columns. The Yiddish selections were actually transliterations of German into Hebrew characters, with the addition of some Hebrew words and phrases. This was apparently a condition imposed by the Polish government for granting the paper a subsidy. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, newspapers and periodicals flourished with wide-interest audiences in Eastern Europe for nearly a century. Readership depended upon a variety of publications in Yiddish, Hebrew, and the national languages of each country. In addition, the different streams of the left-wing political parties produced timely materials aimed at Jewish readers in various languages.
Poland
Poland (including Galicia). In the mid-nineteenth century, Jewish periodicals were produced by assimilationists who tried to integrate Jews into the Polish environment, usually with little success. In the twentieth century, however, and especially between the wars, an increasing number of Polish Jews functioned in the Polish language, and a Jewish press in that language became a necessity.
An early example was the Warsaw weekly Jutrzenka (The Dawn), which was issued from 1861 to 1863 and was edited by Daniel Neufeld (1814–1874) with some contributions from non-Jews. Responding to waves of pro-Polish sentiment during the Polish rebellion, its publication ended when the rebellion was suppressed. Jutrzenka was followed by the more successful Izraelita (1866– 1916?), a weekly edited by Szmul Hirsz Peltin (1831–1896) and after his death briefly by Nahum Sokolow, at which time it temporarily took a Zionist stance.
The Polish-language Jewish press played an important role in restored Poland, especially in Galicia where Jews were more thoroughly assimilated.
9 Editors competed successfully with the general Polish newspapers that Jews— especially Jewish women—were accustomed to read. Some of the more notable newspapers included Nowy dziennik (New Daily), a Zionist newspaper printed in Kraków from 1919 through 1939 (though printed initially across the Czech border to escape Polish censorship); Chwila (The Moment), also Zionist, published in Lwów between 1919 and 1939; and the best-known and most successful Polish Jewish daily, the nonpartisan Nasz przegląd (Our View), published in Warsaw under that name from 1924 through 1939 as a successor to earlier publications dating back to 1918.
Chwila (The Moment)
Jewish newspapers and periodicals have been published in the main three Jewish languages (Hebrew, Yiddish, and Ladino) and have also appeared in the primary languages of countries in which Jews have lived. The first Jewish newspaper, Gazeta de Amsterdam, was published in Ladino (the language of Sepharic jews) in Amsterdam (1674–1699). A short-lived Yiddish newspaper, Kurant, soon followed (1686–1687); however, other early efforts at news reporting in Yiddish did not succeed. In 1784, German supporters of the Haskalah movement created the Hebrew-language, largely literary Me’asef (Ingatherer).
The spread of Haskalah journals throughout the Austro-Hungarian empire in the early nineteenth century marked the beginning of the age of Jewish periodical literature in Eastern Europe. These publications were devoted to literature, criticism, and scholarship. Among the earliest were Bikure ha-‘itim (First Fruits of the Times; 1820–1831) and its successor, Kerem hemed (The Lovely Vineyard; 1833–1856). Although Bikure ha-‘itim was printed in Vienna, many maskilim contributed to it from Galicia and Bohemia. The editor of Kerem hemed, Shemu’el Leib Goldenberg (1807–1846) lived in Tarnopol, and from 1838 to 1843 the journal was printed in Prague.
On 3 December 1823, the first newspaper (as opposed to a scholarly journal) specifically directed toward Jewish readership appeared in Warsaw, though it was published for less than a year. Produced weekly and apparently aimed at the mercantile class, it was called Der Beobakhter an der Vayksel (Observer at the Vistula) in Yiddish and Dostrzegacz nadwiślański z Warszawy (Observer at the Vistula from Warsaw) in Polish; the languages were arranged in parallel columns. The Yiddish selections were actually transliterations of German into Hebrew characters, with the addition of some Hebrew words and phrases. This was apparently a condition imposed by the Polish government for granting the paper a subsidy. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, newspapers and periodicals flourished with wide-interest audiences in Eastern Europe for nearly a century. Readership depended upon a variety of publications in Yiddish, Hebrew, and the national languages of each country. In addition, the different streams of the left-wing political parties produced timely materials aimed at Jewish readers in various languages.
Poland
Poland (including Galicia). In the mid-nineteenth century, Jewish periodicals were produced by assimilationists who tried to integrate Jews into the Polish environment, usually with little success. In the twentieth century, however, and especially between the wars, an increasing number of Polish Jews functioned in the Polish language, and a Jewish press in that language became a necessity.
An early example was the Warsaw weekly Jutrzenka (The Dawn), which was issued from 1861 to 1863 and was edited by Daniel Neufeld (1814–1874) with some contributions from non-Jews. Responding to waves of pro-Polish sentiment during the Polish rebellion, its publication ended when the rebellion was suppressed. Jutrzenka was followed by the more successful Izraelita (1866– 1916?), a weekly edited by Szmul Hirsz Peltin (1831–1896) and after his death briefly by Nahum Sokolow, at which time it temporarily took a Zionist stance.
The Polish-language Jewish press played an important role in restored Poland, especially in Galicia where Jews were more thoroughly assimilated.
9 Editors competed successfully with the general Polish newspapers that Jews— especially Jewish women—were accustomed to read. Some of the more notable newspapers included Nowy dziennik (New Daily), a Zionist newspaper printed in Kraków from 1919 through 1939 (though printed initially across the Czech border to escape Polish censorship); Chwila (The Moment), also Zionist, published in Lwów between 1919 and 1939; and the best-known and most successful Polish Jewish daily, the nonpartisan Nasz przegląd (Our View), published in Warsaw under that name from 1924 through 1939 as a successor to earlier publications dating back to 1918.
Chwila (The Moment)
